Abstract: The implement of universal two-child policy has yielded initial results, but a blowout growth of China’s population has not appeared, and there is still a gap between the existing second-child births and expected population. Besides, many families are still confronted with the issues of being unwilling or afraid to have children.With residents in Anhui province as the survey samples, this paper attempts to introduce the behavior of postponing retirement of the senior on the basis of the theoretical analysis that grandparents caring for their grandchildren is an important factor influencing the decision-making of having a second child.Through empirical research, this paper investigates the influence of postponing retirement of the elderly and grandparents caring for their grandchildren on children’s willingness to have a second child, explains the family factors influencing the willingness, and provides suggestions for the implement of universal two-child policy.At the same time, on the basis of the inexorable trend of enforcing deferred retirement policy, some issues relative to grandparents caring for their grandchildren are further discussed in the paper, such as willingness to have a second child and social care resources, etc. The empirical analysis finds that a decrease of grandparents caring for their grandchildren restrains children’s having a second child. Without the senior caring for grandchildren, parents struggle to keep a balance among supporting family, vocational development and taking care of children, which will lower their willingness to have a second child.Moreover, deferred retirement of the senior fosters children’s willingness of having a second child, which improves self-care ability of the elderly, reducing their dependence on children and alleviating children’s pressure of supporting the parents. Moreover, it also increases the resource cost of raising children and facilitates the births of a second children.The implement of universal two-child policy and the policy of deferred retirement can be reached by integrating grandparents caring for their grandchildren into child-care service system, encouraging the enforcement of flexible deferred retirement policy and perfecting social care market and maternity welfare policy.

Keywords: Grandparents Caring for Their Grandchildren; Deferred Retirement; Willingness of Having a Second Child